After the Indus civilization, the Vedic civilization developed in India. In the areas around Harappa, new people called Aryans or Indo Aryans entered India. Their civilization is known as Vedic civilization.
Vedic literature
Vedas, Upanishads, Aranyaka's and Brahmin texts etc come in Vedic literature. The word Veda is derived from Viddhatu, which means to acquire or know knowledge. Their number is four.
(a) The Vedas
The word is derived from the root Vid which means to know or gain knowledge. Vedas are considered as mantras, scriptures. There are four types of Vedas. As
(a) Rigveda
This is the oldest Veda. It has 1028 mantras and 10 mandalas.
(b) Yajurveda
Information related to Yagya has been given in it.
(c) Samveda
Mantras have been made lyrical in this.
(d) Atharvaveda:
In this, information related to witchcraft, tantra-mantra etc. has been given.
(b) Upanishads:
Getting knowledge by sitting near the Guru is called Upanishad. This is also called Vedanta.
(c) Aranyaka
These are such books which were composed in the forests. ,
(d) Brahman texts:
In these, the definitions of mantras are expanded. In which the rituals related to sacrifice come. On the basis of the above texts, it can be said that Vedic literature gives information about two stages of social and cultural development. For example, in the first phase, information is received from the Rigveda, which is called the Rigvedic period, while the information of the second phase is received from the other three Vedas, which is called the later Vedic period.
Rigvedic period / Early Vedic period
Rigvedic Society
The most important unit in the Rig Vedic society was the family. The families were patriarchal. There was a practice of polygamy and polygamy on one marriage van from the society. Marriages used to take place at an older age. Jana was the biggest unit. There were feudalistic societies in this period. People were allowed to do business. The Aryans were fair in color while the Anayans were black. In this period there were classes of Kshatriyas, priests and commoners. Shudras were born at the end of this period. The status of women in this period was respectable. Women used to get married at a young age. He had the freedom to choose his life partner. Women could take part in the work of Sabha and Samiti.
The most important unit in the Rig Vedic society was the family. The families were patriarchal. There was a practice of polygamy and polygamy on one marriage van from the society. Marriages used to take place at an older age. Jana was the biggest unit. There were feudalistic societies in this period. People were allowed to do business. The Aryans were fair in color while the Anayans were black. In this period there were classes of Kshatriyas, priests and commoners. Shudras were born at the end of this period. The status of women in this period was respectable. Women used to get married at a young age. He had the freedom to choose his life partner. Women could take part in the work of Sabha and Samiti.
Tribal and Patriarchal Society
People of Rigvedic period used to do prayer and worship in front of the deities in order to get material security and happiness and prosperity. The deities of the Rigvedic period were different forms of natural forces. Like rain, storm, sun etc. It is also clear from the characteristics and characteristics of these deities that the nature of the society was tribal and patriarchal because there is no information about the existence of any goddess in their texts. Indra, Agni, Varuna, Mitra, Dayu, Pushya, Yama, Soma etc. were all in the form of male deities. In comparison we have few goddesses like Usha, Saraswati, Earth etc. They have been given second place in the interpretation of religion. The functions of various deities give information about their need in the society. Hence the people of Rigvedic period worshiped Indra as the god of war. Information about Indra Dev is found at many places in Rigveda. He has a thunderbolt in his hand and is also considered as the god of weather. It is considered the god of rain. Marut, the wind god, assisted Indra in battles in a similar way. Like the people of the tribe used to help their hero in tribal wars.
Rig Vedic period state system
The main unit of the Aryans was the people. The political leader of the people was Rajan. It used to protect the public and livestock. There were tribal organizations like Sabha, Samiti, Vidiya, Gana and Parishad etc. to help Rajan in his work. In these, Sabha and Samiti were more important. She used to discuss all aspects related to life. These institutions also exercised control over the chief officials. Women also had the right to participate in meetings and committees. The post of Rajan was not hereditary. Normally they were elected by the tribe. In many cases the priest used to advise the chief. Fighters, Kulapa, Gramani etc. were also office bearers. The gift that the public used to give to the Chief. He was called Bali. It was given by ordinary tribal citizens on special occasions. This type of money was in the form of voluntary contribution.
Rigvedic period religious life
Rigvedic Religious Life The people of this period used to pray and worship the deities for happiness, prosperity and physical protection. The deities of this period were different forms of natural forces like rain, storm, sun etc. Indra, Agni, Varuna, Mitra, Dayu, Pushya, Yama, Som etc. were the main deities. There were also goddesses like Usha, Saraswati and Prithvi. In this period people worshiped Indra as the god of war. He was also worshiped for bringing rain. Agni Dev was considered as the deity of the earth. He was considered as the link between humans to the gods. Soma was associated with plants and herbs. Som was a plant from which intoxicating juice came out. This was called Som Ras. Somers were used at the time of sacrifice. Varuna was an important deity. It was considered the administrator of the universe. This was called Rit. Flowers are roads, spinning wheels, And there was a god of domesticated animals. All these deities were worshiped at the time of Yagya's or sacrifices. Religious rituals were performed by the priest, the deity to whom prayers were offered at the time of sacrifice. He used to give boons of victory in war, progeny, increase in livestock and long life. On this occasion, the brahmins received a large number of gifts in the form of daan dakshina. But the people of this period had not built any temple of any deity and had not worshiped any kind of idol.
early vedic economy
The Rigvedic period is also called the early Vedic period. Animal husbandry was the main occupation of the people during this period. They reared animals like cow, buffalo, sheep, goats and horses. In that period, cows were considered to fulfill all desires. At that time prayers were offered in the hope of increasing the number of cattle. People of that time also used to do agriculture. They also practiced hunting, carpentry, dyeing, weaving cloth, making chariots and smelting metals. Barter was done through cows.
early vedic polity
The main social unit in this period was the people. Its main leader was called Rajan. It used to protect people and livestock. The institutions that helped in its work were Sabha, Samiti, Viditha, Gana and Parishad etc. Sabha and Samiti were the main among them. The head of the assembly and committee was elected by the tribe. The task of advising the chief was done by the priest. Employees like Senani Kulapa, Gramani etc. also used to help the chief.
The main social unit in this period was the people. Its main leader was called Rajan. It used to protect people and livestock. The institutions that helped in its work were Sabha, Samiti, Viditha, Gana and Parishad etc. Sabha and Samiti were the main among them. The head of the assembly and committee was elected by the tribe. The task of advising the chief was done by the priest. Employees like Senani Kulapa, Gramani etc. also used to help the chief.
Geographical location of people of early Vedic period
In ancient times Arya used to reside at a place called Sapta Sindhu. Sapta Sindhu means the region of seven rivers. This region mainly extends from the northwestern region of South Asia to the Yamuna River. The seven rivers include Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej and Saraswati. From here the Aryas slowly moving towards the east reached Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
In ancient times Arya used to reside at a place called Sapta Sindhu. Sapta Sindhu means the region of seven rivers. This region mainly extends from the northwestern region of South Asia to the Yamuna River. The seven rivers include Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej and Saraswati. From here the Aryas slowly moving towards the east reached Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Functions of Popular Assemblies in the Early Vedic Period
The sabhas and samitis were the main political institutions in the early Vedic period. All the works related to life were discussed through the meetings. It used to fulfill the tasks of war, distribution of income received from wars, justice and religious work etc. Political officials were also controlled by these assemblies. In this way popular assemblies had an important place in the political life of the Aryans.
The sabhas and samitis were the main political institutions in the early Vedic period. All the works related to life were discussed through the meetings. It used to fulfill the tasks of war, distribution of income received from wars, justice and religious work etc. Political officials were also controlled by these assemblies. In this way popular assemblies had an important place in the political life of the Aryans.
Early Vedic Civilization:
The main unit of the society in the Rigvedic period was the family. The families were patriarchal. Both monogamy and polygamy were prevalent. A large group of family was called vis or clan. A group of more than one Vis or clans was called Jana or Jati. People were the biggest social unit. There were no caste occupations during this period. But in this period there was a difference on the basis of colour. In this period there were three classes like Kshatriya, priest and common man. Shudras were born later. The condition of women was good. There were no child marriages.
Early Vedic Religion:
In this period the worship and prayer of the deities had started. The gods of this period were in various forms of natural forces. For example, rain, storm, sun etc. In this period, Indra, Agni, Varuna, Mitra, Dayu, Pushya, Yama, Som etc. were the main deities. At that time there were goddesses like Usha, Saraswati, Prithvi etc. Rituals like Yagya, Bali, Havan etc. were prevalent.
In this period the worship and prayer of the deities had started. The gods of this period were in various forms of natural forces. For example, rain, storm, sun etc. In this period, Indra, Agni, Varuna, Mitra, Dayu, Pushya, Yama, Som etc. were the main deities. At that time there were goddesses like Usha, Saraswati, Prithvi etc. Rituals like Yagya, Bali, Havan etc. were prevalent.
later vedic period
Changes in the later Vedic period:
During this period the post of chieftain became hereditary. The position of the king was considered divine. The effect of Sabha and Samiti decreased. The power of the chief had increased. The appointment of officers had started. The importance of the army in the political system had increased. During this period, taxes such as sacrifices, fees and portions etc. were imposed. In this period the chief was a Kshatriya.
Agriculture became the main occupation of the Aryans during this period. They started producing all kinds of grains. They used to plow and sow the land with plow and oxen and buffaloes. In this period, the Aryans started making various types of tools using iron. He started making pottery.
During this period the post of chieftain became hereditary. The position of the king was considered divine. The effect of Sabha and Samiti decreased. The power of the chief had increased. The appointment of officers had started. The importance of the army in the political system had increased. During this period, taxes such as sacrifices, fees and portions etc. were imposed. In this period the chief was a Kshatriya.
Agriculture became the main occupation of the Aryans during this period. They started producing all kinds of grains. They used to plow and sow the land with plow and oxen and buffaloes. In this period, the Aryans started making various types of tools using iron. He started making pottery.
Changes in the methods of economy of the Aryans during the later Vedic period:
Farming became the main occupation of the Aryans in the later Vedic period. Six to eight oxen were used for ploughing. Buffaloes were also used in agriculture. Indra Devta was considered the god of agriculture in this period. Indra devata was considered the god of agriculture in this period. In this period Arya used to produce barley, wheat, rice, pulses, lentils, jowar, bajra, sugarcane etc. Rice and sesame were used in religious rituals. The use of iron also started during this period. Iron plow was used for farming. Pottery was also made during this period. Paintings were done on them. Big cities like Hastinapur, Kaushambi had come up. Shresthi princes, priests and artisans etc. depended on the farmers.
Farming became the main occupation of the Aryans in the later Vedic period. Six to eight oxen were used for ploughing. Buffaloes were also used in agriculture. Indra Devta was considered the god of agriculture in this period. Indra devata was considered the god of agriculture in this period. In this period Arya used to produce barley, wheat, rice, pulses, lentils, jowar, bajra, sugarcane etc. Rice and sesame were used in religious rituals. The use of iron also started during this period. Iron plow was used for farming. Pottery was also made during this period. Paintings were done on them. Big cities like Hastinapur, Kaushambi had come up. Shresthi princes, priests and artisans etc. depended on the farmers.
use of iron
The main reason for the expansion of Arya civilization in the later Vedic period was 1000 BC. Iron has been used for approx. Iron tools helped in cutting the dense rain forests efficiently, especially the large stumps of trees left after burning. The use of iron made it easier to convert forest land into agricultural land. . The use of iron plow helped in making the land fertile by plowing deep soil.
The main reason for the expansion of Arya civilization in the later Vedic period was 1000 BC. Iron has been used for approx. Iron tools helped in cutting the dense rain forests efficiently, especially the large stumps of trees left after burning. The use of iron made it easier to convert forest land into agricultural land. . The use of iron plow helped in making the land fertile by plowing deep soil.
Social Changes in the Later Vedic Period
The size of the family became very large during this period. Such families were called joint families. Clans also became popular due to this act. Polyandry marriage was prevalent. Polygamy was also prevalent. But only one marriage was considered good. Many types of restrictions were imposed on women. The caste system became prevalent. There were four varnas in the society like Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. The ashram system was also born during this period. In which four ashrams were built. Like Brahmacharya Ashram, Grihasthashram, Vanaprasthashram and Sannyas Ashram etc.
Restrictions on women in later Vedic period
In the later Vedic period women were banned from gambling and drinking. Women had to live in their husband's house after marriage. Women were not allowed to participate in public meetings. The daughter was considered the root of all sorrows.
In the later Vedic period women were banned from gambling and drinking. Women had to live in their husband's house after marriage. Women were not allowed to participate in public meetings. The daughter was considered the root of all sorrows.
Importance of Brahmin in later Vedic period
In the later Vedic period, more sacrifices were performed. Only Brahmins used to get the Yagya done. In return, the Brahmins used to get huge Dakshina. Only Brahmin used to get all kinds of religious rituals completed. That's why the importance of Brahmin had increased.
In the later Vedic period, more sacrifices were performed. Only Brahmins used to get the Yagya done. In return, the Brahmins used to get huge Dakshina. Only Brahmin used to get all kinds of religious rituals completed. That's why the importance of Brahmin had increased.
Varnashrama Dharma
The Aryans had divided the society into four ashrams. In which there were Brahmacharya Ashram, Grihasthashram, Vanaprasthashram and Sannyas Ashram etc. Among the Varnas, Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra etc. were prominent. Brahmins used to do the work of worship, study and teaching. Kshatriyas used to do war and administrative work. Vaishyas used to do the work of production and trade. Shudra used to serve all the three classes. There were also four ashrams. There used to be a celibacy ashram for 25 years. In which gaining knowledge was the main task. Was in Grihasthashram for 50 years. Marriage, procreation, procreation etc. were done in this. Was in Vanprastha Ashram for 75 years. In which the work of doing penance was done in the forests. The period of 75 to 100 years was of sannyas ashram. In which leaving the house, the work of preaching was done by roaming from place to place.
The Aryans had divided the society into four ashrams. In which there were Brahmacharya Ashram, Grihasthashram, Vanaprasthashram and Sannyas Ashram etc. Among the Varnas, Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra etc. were prominent. Brahmins used to do the work of worship, study and teaching. Kshatriyas used to do war and administrative work. Vaishyas used to do the work of production and trade. Shudra used to serve all the three classes. There were also four ashrams. There used to be a celibacy ashram for 25 years. In which gaining knowledge was the main task. Was in Grihasthashram for 50 years. Marriage, procreation, procreation etc. were done in this. Was in Vanprastha Ashram for 75 years. In which the work of doing penance was done in the forests. The period of 75 to 100 years was of sannyas ashram. In which leaving the house, the work of preaching was done by roaming from place to place.
Arya
The Aryans were considered a single race in the 19th century, but are currently considered a linguistic group that spoke Indo-European languages, from which Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek later originated. It is believed that the Aryans originally lived in the grasslands extending from Russia to Central Asia. From here they reached other places.
The Aryans were considered a single race in the 19th century, but are currently considered a linguistic group that spoke Indo-European languages, from which Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek later originated. It is believed that the Aryans originally lived in the grasslands extending from Russia to Central Asia. From here they reached other places.
migration of aryans
The Aryans lived in the grasslands between South Russia and Central Asia. It was from here that a group of incomes came to the north west of India. This group was called Indo-Aryan or Aryans. Archaeological evidence confirms that the Aryans migrated from Andronova in southern Siberia. From here these people moved towards the north of Hindu Kush and from there they entered India but some scholars are not ready to accept that Aryans were foreigners and they came to India from outside.
The Aryans lived in the grasslands between South Russia and Central Asia. It was from here that a group of incomes came to the north west of India. This group was called Indo-Aryan or Aryans. Archaeological evidence confirms that the Aryans migrated from Andronova in southern Siberia. From here these people moved towards the north of Hindu Kush and from there they entered India but some scholars are not ready to accept that Aryans were foreigners and they came to India from outside.
Main features of Aryan civilization
The main features of the civilization of Aryans are as follows
(1) Aryans were great scholars. He had knowledge of various scriptures. He had knowledge of many types of languages. In this way, he had made progress in the field of language and literature.
(2) Arya used to live his life by doing agriculture, animal husbandry, industry and trade. He gave more importance to the cow. They considered cows as Kamdas to fulfill all kinds of desires.
(3) Arya considered himself to be of the superior caste. He had divided the society into four varnas on the basis of karma. Like Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra etc. Similarly, considering the age of man as 100 years, he made four ashrams prevalent. Like- Brahmacharya Ashram, Grihasthashram, Vanaprasthashram and Sannyasashram etc.
(4) It was the Aryans who started religious rituals like Yagya, Havan, animal sacrifice etc. He also gave birth to concepts like monotheism and polytheism.
(5) Aryans only gave birth to systematic administration and military management.
The main features of the civilization of Aryans are as follows
(1) Aryans were great scholars. He had knowledge of various scriptures. He had knowledge of many types of languages. In this way, he had made progress in the field of language and literature.
(1) Aryans were great scholars. He had knowledge of various scriptures. He had knowledge of many types of languages. In this way, he had made progress in the field of language and literature.
(2) Arya used to live his life by doing agriculture, animal husbandry, industry and trade. He gave more importance to the cow. They considered cows as Kamdas to fulfill all kinds of desires.
(3) Arya considered himself to be of the superior caste. He had divided the society into four varnas on the basis of karma. Like Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra etc. Similarly, considering the age of man as 100 years, he made four ashrams prevalent. Like- Brahmacharya Ashram, Grihasthashram, Vanaprasthashram and Sannyasashram etc.
(4) It was the Aryans who started religious rituals like Yagya, Havan, animal sacrifice etc. He also gave birth to concepts like monotheism and polytheism.
(5) Aryans only gave birth to systematic administration and military management.
(3) Arya considered himself to be of the superior caste. He had divided the society into four varnas on the basis of karma. Like Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra etc. Similarly, considering the age of man as 100 years, he made four ashrams prevalent. Like- Brahmacharya Ashram, Grihasthashram, Vanaprasthashram and Sannyasashram etc.
(4) It was the Aryans who started religious rituals like Yagya, Havan, animal sacrifice etc. He also gave birth to concepts like monotheism and polytheism.
(5) Aryans only gave birth to systematic administration and military management.
Business
animal keeper
The Aryans of the Vedic period were herders. This was his main one. They used to get milk, meat and leather from animals. For this they reared cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, fresh horses. Their evidence has been found in Rigveda. Many words were born from the word cow. Which means cow. The rich person was called Gomat and the daughter was called Duhitri who used to milk the cow. The word Gaveshana means search for cows but it also means fight as there were fights over cows. The cow was considered the animal that fulfills all the wishes of man. That's why the importance of cow was more.
The Aryans of the Vedic period were herders. This was his main one. They used to get milk, meat and leather from animals. For this they reared cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, fresh horses. Their evidence has been found in Rigveda. Many words were born from the word cow. Which means cow. The rich person was called Gomat and the daughter was called Duhitri who used to milk the cow. The word Gaveshana means search for cows but it also means fight as there were fights over cows. The cow was considered the animal that fulfills all the wishes of man. That's why the importance of cow was more.
Agriculture
Agriculture also had an important place in the Vedic period. Evidence related to agriculture has not been found in large numbers. It is known from some references that the Aryans had knowledge of agriculture and used to do farming to get their food. They used to create yaw. Today they are called joe or barley. Its meaning was used for the crop of the caste of food grains.Agriculture became the main occupation of the people in the later Vedic period. To start the work of farming, people had started religious rituals. Indra Devta was considered the god of agriculture. In agriculture, barley, wheat, rice, pulses, lentils, jowar, bajra, sugarcane etc. were produced. Donation of cooked rice was included in the things of Dakshina. Sesame was used in religious rituals.
Agriculture also had an important place in the Vedic period. Evidence related to agriculture has not been found in large numbers. It is known from some references that the Aryans had knowledge of agriculture and used to do farming to get their food. They used to create yaw. Today they are called joe or barley. Its meaning was used for the crop of the caste of food grains.
Agriculture became the main occupation of the people in the later Vedic period. To start the work of farming, people had started religious rituals. Indra Devta was considered the god of agriculture. In agriculture, barley, wheat, rice, pulses, lentils, jowar, bajra, sugarcane etc. were produced. Donation of cooked rice was included in the things of Dakshina. Sesame was used in religious rituals.
Geographical expansion area of Vedic Aryans:
The ancient Aryas used to live in the region called Sapta Sindhu. This region was the region of seven rivers. It was spread from the northwestern region of South Asia to the Yamuna River. Aryans made their residence in this area. He did his work of animal husbandry, from here he slowly moving towards the east, he reached Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Here he resided for a long time.
The ancient Aryas used to live in the region called Sapta Sindhu. This region was the region of seven rivers. It was spread from the northwestern region of South Asia to the Yamuna River. Aryans made their residence in this area. He did his work of animal husbandry, from here he slowly moving towards the east, he reached Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Here he resided for a long time.
Vedic Period: Important Questions Answered
Question 1. What do you understand by the word "Veda"?
Answer: Sacred Knowledge
Question 2. Which of the Vedic texts are classified as mantras? Mention them?
Answer: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda
Question 3. What types of texts are there in the category of literature called 'Shruti'? Mention them? Answer: Aranyakas and Upanishads
Question 4. Give a detailed description of the subject matter of the texts of 'Brahman' category?
Answer: Commentary (definition) of religious rituals related to mantras and sacrifices
Question 5. Define the word 'Vedanta'? Answer: Philosophical discussion
Question 6. How do you know that Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, Hittite and Cassite languages belong to the same linguistic group?
Answer: In these languages, words with similar sound and meaning are
Question 7. From where has the archaeological evidence of the migration of Aryans been obtained?
Answer: Andronovo civilization located in southern Siberia.
Question 8. What are the places which have been identified as the regions having the characteristics of Aryan Civilization?
Answer: Bactriamargiana
Question 9. Mention the main sites of Aryan civilization? Answer: Evidence of horses, wheels, furnaces, cremation.
Question 10. Write the names of seven rivers included in 'Saptasindhu'? Answer: Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Saraswati
Question 11. Aryans came in contact with the people of which region in the later Vedic period? 11
Answer: Uttar Pradesh (Kaushal) and North Bihar (Videha)
Question 12. Describe the occupation of the later Vedic Aryans?Answer: Shepherd
Question 13. Which economic activities were prevalent in ancient Aryans? Create a list.
Answer: Hunting, carpentry, training, cloth weaving, gambling, chariot making and smelting of metals
Q 14. Describe the system of barter during the ancient Vedic period?
Answer: Barter through cows
Question 15. What were the major economic activities during the later Vedic period?
Answer: Agriculture
Question 16. Who was called 'Krishi Devta'? Answer: Lord Indra
Question 17 Why is 'til' considered very important in religious rituals?
Answer: It was the first vegetable oil, which was used on a large scale.
Question 18: What was the help in agriculture by the use of tools made of iron during the Vedic period?
Answer: To clear the thick forests, it could be plowed (top-down) to make the soil fertile with an iron plough.
Question 19. What were the reasons behind the increase in the size of the sites using Painted Surmai ware?
Answer: Due to expansion of economy based on agriculture and continuous increase in population.
Question 20. Give details about the marriages that took place in the early Vedic period?
Answer: Monogamous religion and polygamous religion
Question 21. Was the early Vedic period society egalitarian in nature? Justify your answer with reason?
Answer: Yes, there was no caste division, occupations were not based on birth, and no occupations were barred.
Question 22. What was the basis of classification of the early Vedic society?
Answer: On the basis of character or color
Question 23. How did inequalities come in the early Vedic period?
Answer: In the hands of chiefs and priests, most of the goods (prizes) obtained in the war.
Question - 24. What was the nature of the family in the later Vedic period?Answer: Joint family
Question 25. What do you understand by the word 'Gotra'?
Answer: Children of the same ancestor, marriage relations between members (individuals) of the same gotra are prohibited.
Question 26: Which words indicate that the disempowerment of the Shudras is beginning?
Answer: Upanayana was not entitled to rites (religious evil)
Question 27. Describe the main features of 'Indra Devta' of Rigvedic period?
Answer: The god of weather who has a thunderbolt in his hand. God of rain
Question 28. Why did the chiefs of the tribes organize 'yagyas'?
Answer: To invoke and worship the gods
Question 29. What was the importance of Pushya Dev for the Rigvedic people?Answer: Because he was the god of roads, herdsmen and cattle
Question 30. What was the main function of 'Agni Dev', the god of fire?Answer: Was in the form of a link between the gods and humans.
Question 31. What were the reasons for the increase in the number of yagyas in the later Vedic period?
Answer: Due to the increasing importance of the people of Brahmin caste and efforts to keep their superiority.
Question 32. What were the objectives of organizing the Yagya?Answer: To re-establish regional supremacy in politics by the chiefs to establish their authority over the people.
Question 33. Write in detail about the importance of Yagyas? Answer: Excessive amount of money in the form of charity, . Brahmins used to get it.
Question 34. Why did you start opposing the people getting the yagya done?
Answer: This was affecting their economic life.
Question 35. Describe the functions of 'Sabha' and 'Samiti'? Answer: To consider all aspects of life such as distribution of awards won in war, judicial and religious rituals.
Question 36. What was the main work of 'Rajan'?
Answer: To protect people and livestock from enemies.
Question 37. What was the trend of 'Bali' in the early Vedic period?
Answer: Voluntary contribution given by ordinary tribal people on special occasions.
Question 38. Make a list of the main functionaries of the Mukhiya in various matters?
Answer: Priest, Fighter, Kulap, Villager
Question 39. Describe in detail the nature of the post of chief in the Vedic period?
Answer: It became hereditary.
Question 40. Why was there a decline in the powers of the popular assemblies during the Vedic period?
Answer: Because the chief had become more powerful, the officers appointed to assist the chief in administrative work had forcefully usurped the functions of the 'popular gatherings'. Question 41. What were the functions
of the coronation ceremony? Answer: To establish the authority of the chief.
Question 42. How many Vedas are there? Write their names. Answer: There are four Vedas. Like- (1) Rigveda, (2) Yajurveda, (3) Samveda, (4) Atharvaveda.
Question 43. Who is called Aranyaka?
Answer: The books which were composed in the forests are called Aranyakas.
Question 44. What is meant by Upanishad?
Answer: Getting knowledge by sitting near the Guru is called Upanishad.
Question 45. Give the period of Rigvedic period.
Answer: 1500 BC to 1000 B.C. The period is called the Rigvedic period.
Question 46. Write the period of later Vedic period. Answer: The period of the later Vedic period was 1000 BC. to 600 B.C. is believed to belong to.
Question 47. In the present times, what has been considered as the literature of the world human heritage by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization?
Answer: At present, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization has included Rigveda as a literature of world human heritage.
Question 48. Which language did the Aryans speak in the beginning?Question Answer: In the beginning Arya used to speak Indo European language.
Question 49. Where did the ancient Aryans live?
Answer: The ancient Aryas used to live in the region called Sapta Sindhu.
Question 50. What was the main occupation of the ancient Vedic Aryans? Answer: Animal husbandry was the main occupation of the ancient Vedic Aryans.
Question 51 Who was called Gomat?
Answer: A rich person was called Gomat.
Question 52. What is the meaning of the word investigation?
Answer: The literal meaning of Gaveshana is to search for cows but it also has another meaning of fighting.
Question 53. What were the occupations practiced by the early Vedic Aryans?
Answer: The early Vedic Aryans used to do animal husbandry, agriculture, hunting, carpentry, dyeing, weaving clothes, making chariots and smelting metals etc.
Question 54 What was the importance of buffalo in the later Vedic period? Answer: In the later Vedic period, agriculture was done with buffaloes. Buffalo was very useful in plowing the marshy land.
Question 55 What were the types of families in the early Vedic society?
Answer: The families in the early Vedic society were patriarchal.
Question 56. In the early Vedic period who was known as Jana?
Answer: In the early Vedic society, a group of more than one clan was called Jana.
Question 57. What was the difference between Aryans and non-Aryans in the early Vedic society?
Answer: In the early Vedic society, there was a color difference between the Aryans and the non-Aryans, in which the Aryans were of fair complexion while the non-Aryans were of dark complexion. Saturate :
Question 58. What was the status of women in the early Vedic period?
Answer: Women had a respectable position in the early Vedic society. They had social and political rights.
Question 59, What types of families were there in the later Vedic period?
Answer: In the later Vedic period there were joint families. In this type of family three or four generations lived together.
Question 60. Which ashrams were prevalent in the later Vedic period?
Answer: In the later Vedic period there were Brahmacharya Ashram, Grihastha Ashram, Vanaprastha Ashram and Sannyas Ashram.
Question 61. What was Soma? Write its use.
Answer: Soma was a plant from which intoxicating juice was extracted. Somras was drunk at the time of sacrifice.
Question 62. What were the organizations used to help Rajan in his work?
Answer: There were Sabha, Samiti, Vidya Gana and Parishad etc. to support Rajan.
Answer: Sacred Knowledge
Question 2. Which of the Vedic texts are classified as mantras? Mention them?
Answer: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda
Question 3. What types of texts are there in the category of literature called 'Shruti'? Mention them?
Question 4. Give a detailed description of the subject matter of the texts of 'Brahman' category?
Answer: Commentary (definition) of religious rituals related to mantras and sacrifices
Question 5. Define the word 'Vedanta'?
Question 6. How do you know that Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, Hittite and Cassite languages belong to the same linguistic group?
Answer: In these languages, words with similar sound and meaning are
Answer: Andronovo civilization located in southern Siberia.
Question 8. What are the places which have been identified as the regions having the characteristics of Aryan Civilization?
Answer: Bactriamargiana
Question 9. Mention the main sites of Aryan civilization?
Question 10. Write the names of seven rivers included in 'Saptasindhu'?
Answer: Uttar Pradesh (Kaushal) and North Bihar (Videha)
Question 12. Describe the occupation of the later Vedic Aryans?
Question 13. Which economic activities were prevalent in ancient Aryans? Create a list.
Answer: Hunting, carpentry, training, cloth weaving, gambling, chariot making and smelting of metals
Q 14. Describe the system of barter during the ancient Vedic period?
Answer: Barter through cows
Question 15. What were the major economic activities during the later Vedic period?
Answer: Agriculture
Question 16. Who was called 'Krishi Devta'?
Question 17 Why is 'til' considered very important in religious rituals?
Answer: It was the first vegetable oil, which was used on a large scale.
Question 18: What was the help in agriculture by the use of tools made of iron during the Vedic period?
Answer: To clear the thick forests, it could be plowed (top-down) to make the soil fertile with an iron plough.
Answer: Due to expansion of economy based on agriculture and continuous increase in population.
Question 20. Give details about the marriages that took place in the early Vedic period?
Answer: Monogamous religion and polygamous religion
Question 21. Was the early Vedic period society egalitarian in nature? Justify your answer with reason?
Answer: Yes, there was no caste division, occupations were not based on birth, and no occupations were barred.
Answer: On the basis of character or color
Question 23. How did inequalities come in the early Vedic period?
Answer: In the hands of chiefs and priests, most of the goods (prizes) obtained in the war.
Question - 24. What was the nature of the family in the later Vedic period?
Question 25. What do you understand by the word 'Gotra'?
Answer: Children of the same ancestor, marriage relations between members (individuals) of the same gotra are prohibited.
Answer: Upanayana was not entitled to rites (religious evil)
Question 27. Describe the main features of 'Indra Devta' of Rigvedic period?
Answer: The god of weather who has a thunderbolt in his hand. God of rain
Question 28. Why did the chiefs of the tribes organize 'yagyas'?
Answer: To invoke and worship the gods
Question 29. What was the importance of Pushya Dev for the Rigvedic people?
Question 31. What were the reasons for the increase in the number of yagyas in the later Vedic period?
Answer: Due to the increasing importance of the people of Brahmin caste and efforts to keep their superiority.
Question 33. Write in detail about the importance of Yagyas?
Question 34. Why did you start opposing the people getting the yagya done?
Answer: This was affecting their economic life.
Question 35. Describe the functions of 'Sabha' and 'Samiti'?
Answer: To protect people and livestock from enemies.
Answer: Voluntary contribution given by ordinary tribal people on special occasions.
Question 38. Make a list of the main functionaries of the Mukhiya in various matters?
Answer: Priest, Fighter, Kulap, Villager
Answer: It became hereditary.
Question 40. Why was there a decline in the powers of the popular assemblies during the Vedic period?
Answer: Because the chief had become more powerful, the officers appointed to assist the chief in administrative work had forcefully usurped the functions of the 'popular gatherings'. Question 41. What were the functions
of the coronation ceremony?
Question 43. Who is called Aranyaka?
Answer: The books which were composed in the forests are called Aranyakas.
Question 44. What is meant by Upanishad?
Answer: Getting knowledge by sitting near the Guru is called Upanishad.
Question 45. Give the period of Rigvedic period.
Answer: 1500 BC to 1000 B.C. The period is called the Rigvedic period.
Question 46. Write the period of later Vedic period.
Question 47. In the present times, what has been considered as the literature of the world human heritage by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization?
Answer: At present, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization has included Rigveda as a literature of world human heritage.
Question 48. Which language did the Aryans speak in the beginning?
Answer: The ancient Aryas used to live in the region called Sapta Sindhu.
Question 51 Who was called Gomat?
Answer: A rich person was called Gomat.
Answer: The literal meaning of Gaveshana is to search for cows but it also has another meaning of fighting.
Answer: The early Vedic Aryans used to do animal husbandry, agriculture, hunting, carpentry, dyeing, weaving clothes, making chariots and smelting metals etc.
Question 55 What were the types of families in the early Vedic society?
Answer: The families in the early Vedic society were patriarchal.
Answer: In the early Vedic society, a group of more than one clan was called Jana.
Question 57. What was the difference between Aryans and non-Aryans in the early Vedic society?
Answer: In the early Vedic society, there was a color difference between the Aryans and the non-Aryans, in which the Aryans were of fair complexion while the non-Aryans were of dark complexion. Saturate :
Answer: Women had a respectable position in the early Vedic society. They had social and political rights.
Question 59, What types of families were there in the later Vedic period?
Answer: In the later Vedic period there were joint families. In this type of family three or four generations lived together.
Question 60. Which ashrams were prevalent in the later Vedic period?
Answer: In the later Vedic period there were Brahmacharya Ashram, Grihastha Ashram, Vanaprastha Ashram and Sannyas Ashram.
Question 61. What was Soma? Write its use.
Answer: Soma was a plant from which intoxicating juice was extracted. Somras was drunk at the time of sacrifice.
Answer: There were Sabha, Samiti, Vidya Gana and Parishad etc. to support Rajan.
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